以傳播城市化專業(yè)知識為己任
2024年11月19日
星期二
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百瑞·威爾遜：
中國國際城市化發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究委員會委員、英國注冊景觀建筑師
香港園境師協(xié)會董事、香港注冊園境師
英國景觀建筑師學(xué)會和香港園境師學(xué)會成員
百瑞先生是香港城市設(shè)計學(xué)會副會長，由他創(chuàng)立的百瑞雋思項目咨詢有限公司在解決中國大陸和香港的城市化問題方面已有 20 余年的實踐經(jīng)驗。
www.initiatives.com.hkBarry Wilson is Vice President of the Hong Kong Institute of Urban Design. His practice, Barry Wilson Project Initiatives, have been tackling urbanisation issues in Hong Kong and China for over 20 years. www.initiatives.com.hk
作者寄語
城市從未像現(xiàn)在這樣復(fù)雜，多方面的問題會影響到城市建設(shè)中的理念、規(guī)劃、開發(fā)、管理和老化。在時間維度下，人口聚集過程承載著社會、政治、健康、文化和經(jīng)濟背景。故此涉及到的社會領(lǐng)域包羅萬象，包括社會歷史學(xué)、城市社會學(xué)、建筑史和考古學(xué)，還有醫(yī)療健康與教育、城市地理學(xué)與經(jīng)濟學(xué)理論。
在這個專欄中，我將游走在世界各地，與各領(lǐng)域的專家、遠見者、變革者一道討論讓城市生活更美好的基本要素。并在不同關(guān)鍵維度上，分享他們對未來城市生活的獨特見解。
（百瑞·威爾遜于 2018 年 8 月深圳）
保護蒂沃利的歷史遺產(chǎn)，安德烈·布魯西亞蒂身兼重任
Andrea Bruciati has the profound responsibility of curating Tivoli’s ancient heritage
每一位建筑師、規(guī)劃師和設(shè)計師都應(yīng)將自己看作是“藝術(shù)教育”永遠的學(xué)生，知古通今、博采眾長，無論是希臘和羅馬的西方經(jīng)典，古代中亞文明的帝國，還是東方的哲學(xué)、文學(xué)，抑或是中國、印度和日本的宗教傳統(tǒng)。參觀文化遺產(chǎn)是深入了解和學(xué)習(xí)（文化藝術(shù)）的重要途徑，然而在三百年前，只有富裕階層的后代才能夠悠閑地游歷在歐洲的古跡間，而這也是他們進入成年的“成人禮”。這種“畢業(yè)旅行”提供的是對古典文化遺產(chǎn)無以倫比的切身體驗，也是了解歐洲大陸貴族及時尚禮儀社會的重要途徑。相比之下，現(xiàn)如今許多老百姓都能經(jīng)歷這樣的體驗，我自己的“終身”旅行也于去年夏天繼續(xù)，我拜訪了意大利的蒂沃利，一個讓詩人維吉爾（Virgil）在他的《埃涅阿斯紀》中稱之為“Tibur Superbum”（拉丁語：蒂沃利的驕傲）的地方，而其歷史也比羅馬的歷史要長得多，可追溯到公元前1215年。蒂沃利之旅是一次獨具魅力的旅行，其具有的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)、歷史、文化場所以及自然之美，與兩個宏偉的別墅交相呼應(yīng)，使該地大為生色：文藝復(fù)興時期壯觀的埃斯特別墅（中文又名千泉宮）和考古遺跡阿德里亞納別墅（哈德良皇帝的別墅），都是聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)名錄上的遺跡。此外當?shù)剡€有公元前2世紀的古圣所勝利者海克力斯神廟（Hercules Victor，Maecenas's Villa），這些獨特的景觀，也是古時詩人、畫家和富有貴族們的最愛，他們曾在19世紀的“畢業(yè)旅行”中去過那里。
Continuing students of ‘The Arts’, as every architect, planner and designer should consider themselves, enjoy much of their time in observation and assimilation of ideas of the past, whether that be the western classics of Greece and Rome, the empires of the ancient central Asian civilisations or the eastern philosophical, literary, and religious traditions of China, India, and Japan. Visiting cultural heritage is an essential route to deeper understanding and learning, yet three hundred years ago, only the offspring of the affluent classes were able to enjoy leisurely travel through the antiquities of Europe, this being an essential right-of-passage into adulthood. Such a “Grand Tour” provided unparalleled exposure to the cultural legacy of classical antiquity, being an essential introduction to aristocratic and fashionably polite society of the European continent. Today, by contrast, such experiences are available to much of the public, and my own ‘life-long’ Grand Tour continued last summer with an Italian trip to Tivoli, called ‘Tibur Superbum’ by Virgil in his Aeneid, and with a much longer history than Rome’s, dating back to 1215 BC. The Tivoli Grand Tour is a charming trip through the archaeology, history, places of culture and natural beauty inextricably linked to the two magnificent villas which adorn it: the spectacular, renaissance Villa d'Este and the archaeological remains of Villa Adriana (Emperor Hadrian’s Villa), both UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Along with the ancient Sanctuary of Hercules Victor (Maecenas’s Villa), a structure dating back to the 2nd century BC, the unique sceneries that emerge from this area were a favourite of poets, painters and rich aristocrats who used to go there in the 19th century during their own Grand Tours.
“在過去的幾天里，我去了蒂沃利，我看到了大自然最初的奇跡之一。瀑布、遺跡和整個景觀都屬于這些，知識豐富了我們最內(nèi)在的靈魂。”
J.W.歌德
“In the last few days I have been to Tivoli and I have seen one of the first wonders of nature. The waterfalls, the ruins and the overall landscape belong to those objects, the knowledge of which enriches our most inner souls.
J.W. Goethe
在這次采訪中，我拜訪了安德烈·布魯西亞蒂(Andrea Bruciati)，他是聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界文化遺產(chǎn)“Villae’”(埃斯特別墅和阿德里亞納別墅)的負責人。他是一個真正的浪漫主義者，他的目標是既要保證文化遺產(chǎn)的人文特質(zhì)，又要進一步激活它們，使它們成為在那里生活和工作的人們之社區(qū)脈搏。我們在采訪中討論了在遺產(chǎn)保護與通過招商引資來保持當?shù)鼗盍蜋C會中出現(xiàn)的特殊問題。
in this interview I meet with Andrea Bruciati, Director of the UNESCO sites that he terms the ‘Villae’ (Villa d'Este and Villa Adriana). A true romantic, his goal is to both harness the cultural quality of the heritage sites and yet further invigorate them to become the pulsating heart of the communities who live and work there. We discuss the particular problems of protecting heritage with introducing new economies to retain vitality and opportunity.
李斯特在這里的房間創(chuàng)作音樂作品，而靈感也來自周圍風景和埃斯特別墅噴泉
Franz Lizst composed works from these very rooms, inspired by the surrounding landscape and fountains at Villa d’Este
在埃斯特別墅有一條綠蔭覆蓋的小徑，名為“百泉路”，目光所及之處噴泉不計其數(shù)
One Hundred Fountains water feature seen from the shade of a covered pathway at Villa d’Este
從埃斯特別墅的海王星噴泉一眼望去，恰到好處地“借景”了遠處的羅馬風光
The ‘borrowed view’ towards Rome in the distance viewed from Neptune’s Fountain at Villa d’Este
建筑中的自然
我與安德烈的訪談安排在了在埃斯特別墅頂層他的辦公室里。坐在那里，我已然“如癡如醉”了。在1865到1885年間，著名的匈牙利作曲家弗朗茨·李斯特(Franz Liszt)就是在這里一邊欣賞著窗外下方花園壯觀的噴泉和羅馬平原(Roman Campagna)上漫長而宏偉的景色，一邊創(chuàng)作了若干鋼琴曲。或許，我就坐在他當時的座位上吧? “內(nèi)部即外部”，安德烈向我強調(diào)了遺產(chǎn)建筑與外部空間不可分割的關(guān)系，以及建筑與自然之間的重要關(guān)系。在蒂沃利，人與景觀之間的聯(lián)系是深厚的，遺產(chǎn)建筑與城鎮(zhèn)之間的關(guān)系也是如此。再者，對蒂沃利來說，小鎮(zhèn)不僅與景觀，還與水有著特殊的關(guān)系。水和小鎮(zhèn)是完全融為一體的，被視為生命的源泉。水在別墅中也是重要的，但體現(xiàn)在不同的方面：在阿德里亞納別墅，水具有著一種強烈的象征意義；在埃斯特別墅，水則是這里的重要特色；然而，在勝利者海克力斯神廟，水則被當作能源來利用，1886年建成的水電站第一次為整個城鎮(zhèn)和意大利帶來了電力。令人驚嘆的瀑布景觀成為了我這次旅行的重點，可以說水是這個城市的本質(zhì)，因此具有很多“意義和價值”。沒有勝利者海克力斯神廟，就不會有阿德里亞納別墅，沒有阿德里亞納別墅，就不會有埃斯特別墅，而埃斯特別墅的水上花園與實際建筑一樣重要，甚至更為重要。
NATURE IN ARCHITECTURE
We sit in Andrea’s office atop Villa d’Este and I am hypnotized by it. It was from here that the celebrated Hungarian composer Franz Liszt wrote several piano pieces between 1865 and 1885 whilst admiring the gardens below with their splendid water fountains and the long, majestic views out across the Roman Campagna. Perhaps I am even sitting in his very seat? Andrea stresses the inseparable relationship between the heritage buildings and the outside spaces and of the important relationships between the architecture and nature, where the inside is also the outside. The bond between man and the landscape in Tivoli is profound, as is the relationship between the heritage buildings and the town itself. But for Tivoli there is a special relationship with not just landscape but water. The town and water are in complete togetherness, the very lifeblood. Water is important in the villas but in different ways: at Villa Adriana water takes a strong symbolic form; at Villa d’Este it is the focus feature; yet at the Sanctuary of Hercules Victor, water has been harnessed as energy, where the hydropower plant established in 1886 powered the whole town with the first electricity in Italy. Stunning views of the cascades formed the focus of a visit on the Grand Tour, so water is the essential essence of the town, with “so many meanings and so many values”. Without the Sanctuary there would be no Villa Adriana, and without the Villa Adriana there would be no Villa d’Este”, who’s water gardens are as important, if not more so, than the actual building.
當?shù)卣谕ㄟ^經(jīng)營埃斯特別墅墻外的葡萄園，探索新商業(yè)機會
New commercial opportunities are being explored through operating the vineyards outside the walls of Villa d’Este
現(xiàn)代性的挑戰(zhàn)
那么，一個古鎮(zhèn)是如何在現(xiàn)代世界中存在的呢? 安德烈很清楚，這緊密依賴于整個社區(qū)成為一個有價值的利益相關(guān)者，并在小鎮(zhèn)的獨特風格中獲得自豪感、滿足感和管理責任感。在過去，這些遺跡被看作是與該鎮(zhèn)及其居民截然不同的獨立存在。作為獨立實體，在保守的管理思路下進行保護和維護，這些遺跡需要保護起來，不受城鎮(zhèn)本身的影響。而今天，安德烈正在試圖創(chuàng)造一種更為通透的關(guān)系，通過這種關(guān)系，使人們逐漸意識到這些遺跡對城鎮(zhèn)居民的價值，并且讓他們的社區(qū)意識更為開放。往日里，別墅和周邊商鋪在每周一都是關(guān)門的，現(xiàn)在它們會向當?shù)鼐用衩赓M開放，讓他們感受到自己是城鎮(zhèn)的一部分，并在當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)開展活動。他認為，一旦“文化遺產(chǎn)”成為“他們的”遺產(chǎn)，人們就會越來越珍視這些遺產(chǎn)給他們帶來的有益經(jīng)濟和公眾參與機會。
改變?nèi)藗兊挠^念是聯(lián)合國教科文組織促進教育、創(chuàng)造對話和人類團結(jié)價值觀念的重要組成部分和紐帶。最近，一些項目開始將遺產(chǎn)景觀恢復(fù)為“生產(chǎn)景觀”，重點是利用阿德里亞納別墅的橄欖林和埃斯特別墅的葡萄園，讓社區(qū)參與到生產(chǎn)過程中去。在這種設(shè)定下，以前被大眾視為“別墅花園”的存在，現(xiàn)在變成了個人的、情感上的和物質(zhì)上的投資，使人們更加重視所有需要珍惜的文化遺產(chǎn)。安德烈解釋說：“雖然經(jīng)濟效益相對較小，但政治效益卻很大。”小鎮(zhèn)已經(jīng)開始意識到這片古老土地的價值。社區(qū)需要關(guān)懷與維護，同樣也需要大家的參與從而得到更好的維護。
“美麗和價值共存于一個非常脆弱的平臺之上，社區(qū)的支持是保護這種脆弱的基本要素，就像照看一朵嬌嫩的花。要完全理解這朵花的美麗，就需要我們一起去呵護它，不斷地、堅持不懈地呵護它，而你必須感覺到這朵花就是你自己的花。”
“當你步入阿德里亞納別墅時，你就進入了一個不同的世界，一種讓你‘心領(lǐng)神會’的世界，一種對現(xiàn)實世界的別樣感知。每個人都會有這樣的感覺：發(fā)生在自己身上的某種‘返老還童’的感覺，而往昔和靈魂也好似觸手可及。你需要能夠看到、感到、聽到和聞到，使用所有‘存在’的感官。這是現(xiàn)代技術(shù)無法做到的，而我們也不提供wifi或當下時髦的應(yīng)用程序。有時年輕人無法適應(yīng)這種老派風格，但它對整體體驗至關(guān)重要。”
談到年輕一代，我想知道蒂沃利是如何吸引人們留在那里并在那里生活，而不是為尋找更多的機會被吸引去了“大城市”？安德烈向我闡述了（他所認為的）經(jīng)濟應(yīng)該如何發(fā)展。在戰(zhàn)后時期，小鎮(zhèn)主要依靠工業(yè)，沒有人重視這些文化遺產(chǎn)的價值。即使在今天，旅游業(yè)也才剛剛開始成為當?shù)匾环N重要的經(jīng)濟形式(鎮(zhèn)上的酒店住宿非常少)。商業(yè)部門開始意識到了旅游業(yè)的好處。安德烈希望開發(fā)一種模式，基于一個更大的綜合社區(qū)系統(tǒng)，包含過往所有策劃和管理過的商業(yè)領(lǐng)域，訪客們得以置身于文化遺跡中休憩與工作。“不僅僅是文化遺產(chǎn)，所有領(lǐng)域都很重要。這種模式不僅需要考慮經(jīng)濟，還需要考慮公民意識和自豪感，以創(chuàng)造一種獨特的社區(qū)情感。”
THE CHALLENGES OF MODERNITY
So how can an ancient town exist in a modern world? Andrea is clear that it is strongly dependant on the whole community becoming a valued stakeholder and taking self-pride, gratification and feelings of stewardship in the uniqueness. In the past the heritage sites had been considered as distinct from the town and its people. These were protected and conserved as separate entities in a conservative management style. The sites needed to be defended from the town itself. Today Andrea seeks to create a more osmotic relationship, whereby there is raised awareness of the value of the sites to the townsfolk and they are more open to community consciousness. On Mondays, where previously the Villas had been closed, along with the businesses surrounding them, they are now open for free to local residents, allowing them to feel they are part of their town and generating activity in the local community where before there was none. He feels people are becoming appreciative of the beneficial economic and civic opportunities afforded to them once ‘the’ heritage becomes “their” heritage.
Changing the mentality of the people is the essential ingredient and ties in to the UNESCO Values of promoting education, creating dialogue and the solidarity of humanity. Recently, projects have been initiated to return the heritage landscapes to working landscapes, focused on utilising the olive groves of Villa Adriana and vineyards of Villa d’Este, with community involvement in the production process. In this case, what was previously seen by the populace to be “the Villas’ gardens” has enabled personal, emotional and physical investment that now leads to an appreciation of the entirety of the heritage needing to be treasured. “Whilst the economics are relatively small the politics are big” explains Andrea. The town has come to feel the value of the ancient lands, where the community needs to care, but needs to be involved in order to care.
“Beauty and value exist together on a really fragile platform, and the support of the community is the essential ingredient in protection of that fragility, like looking after a delicate flower. To fully understand the beauty, it needs to be cared for together, continually and relentlessly and you must feel the flower is your very own flower.”
“When you enter into Villa Adriana you enter into a different world, one that puts you into a state of heightened consciousness, another perception of reality. Everyone can feel that; a certain rejuvenation of the self, in touch with the past and in touch with the soul. You need to be able to see, feel, hear and smell, use all the senses of ‘being’. This is something that cannot be done with technology and we don’t provide wifi or modern applications. Sometimes the young people cannot relate to this old style, but it is essential to the overall experience.”
在阿德里亞納別墅，由當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)管理的橄欖林優(yōu)美靜謐
The tranquillity of the community managed olive groves at Villa Adriana
Talking about the younger generations, I wonder how Tivoli can attract people to stay and forge their lives there, rather than be attracted to go off to the ‘big city’ for more opportunities? Andrea explains how the economies must evolve, how in the post war period the town relied primarily on its industry, nobody placed any value on the heritage assets. Even today tourism is only just starting to emerge as a serious economy (there is remarkably little hotel accommodation in the town). The commercial sector is starting to understand the benefits of tourism. Andrea wants to develop a model whereby visitors can sleep and work at the heritage sites in part of a bigger integrated community system with all the towns business aspects holistically considered and managed. “All of the parts are important, not just the heritage sites. The approach needs to look not just at economy but also civic awareness and pride in order to create a special community sensibility.”
阿德里安娜別墅的塞拉皮斯神廟寧靜祥和
The tranquillity of the temple of Serapis at Villa Adriana
文化遺產(chǎn)的社會政治學(xué)
另外我也想了解，大規(guī)模的旅游活動是否也會成為建立這種情感的阻礙？例如，過多的游客到訪威尼斯，使當?shù)鼐用窳麟x失所，破壞了原有社區(qū)及其基本生活形態(tài)。安德烈說：“我們確實需要在數(shù)量和質(zhì)量之間找到平衡。”盡管在他看來，蒂沃利預(yù)期的體驗是完全不同的，但威尼斯模式的開發(fā)強度表明，本地居民和游客之間可能會產(chǎn)生沖突。他認為，為了維持小鎮(zhèn)人口，特別是年輕一代，鎮(zhèn)上必須創(chuàng)造一種別樣的城市宜居性，建立在小鎮(zhèn)自有的社區(qū)自豪感基礎(chǔ)之上，并讓人們感受到對于這些“別墅”的真實歸屬感和所有權(quán)。通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)接入，規(guī)模較小的城鎮(zhèn)可以變得格外有吸引力，科技讓人們和企業(yè)即使身處異地也能保持聯(lián)系，所以在小城鎮(zhèn)生活和工作再也不是一種與世隔絕的體驗了。然而，主要的吸引力應(yīng)該是小鎮(zhèn)內(nèi)在高質(zhì)量的生活品質(zhì)；使固有生活方式的益處與新機遇相輔相成、相得益彰。安德烈最后又將我們的對話拉回到了對價值觀的理解上，一個小鎮(zhèn)可以像任何一個大城市那樣重要。“它起始于與（價值觀）核心息息相關(guān)的根源、文化和傳統(tǒng)。文化遺產(chǎn)教育有助于展示這些價值，展示社區(qū)的包容性和發(fā)現(xiàn)。但這些改變必須是有機的，一步一步地、循序漸進地讓人們意識到文化在他們生活中的重要性，以及什么才是確立生活質(zhì)量的真正基礎(chǔ)。”
從埃斯特別墅俯瞰羅馬平原，宏偉壯觀、氣勢磅礴
The view over the “campagna” from Villa d’Este. Pure magnificence
對待文化遺產(chǎn)，并非要把它看作一件需要保護的事物，而應(yīng)當是一件值得自豪的事物，文化遺產(chǎn)教育與創(chuàng)造社區(qū)紐帶在這里似乎是不言自明的要義。增加本地的工作、協(xié)作、造訪和活動的機會可以轉(zhuǎn)變社區(qū)意識并共擔文化遺產(chǎn)保護責任。獨特的文化遺產(chǎn)則成為民之所有、民之所系、民之所傲。
THE SOCIAL POLITICS OF HERITAGE
I wonder if mass tourism could also be a detractor from establishing such a sensibility? Too many visitors to Venice for example have displaced the residents and destroyed the old communities and their basic life structures. “There is a definite need to balance the quantity with maintaining the quality” states Andrea. Whilst the intended experience at Tivoli is completely different in his mind, the intensity of the Venetian model has shown the conflict that can arise between locals and tourists. He feels that in order to maintain the population and particularly the younger generations, the town must create a special liveability, built on community pride in the town itself and feel the real sense of belonging and ownership of the ‘Villae’. Smaller towns can be attractive by networking together, technology has made people and business connected even when apart, so living and working in small towns need no longer be an isolated experience. The main draw however should be the high quality of life that is inherent; with the benefits of the old life supplemented by the opportunities of the new. Andrea returns to the sense of developing a sense of understanding values and that a small town can be as important as any big city once this is identified. “It starts from the roots, the culture and the traditions that are close to the heart. Heritage education can help to show those values, demonstrate inclusivity and discovery of the community. But these changes must be organic, step by step, to gently help people realise the importance of culture in their lives and what really establishes quality of life.”
Treating heritage, not as something to be protected but rather as something of which to be proud, to educate and to create community coherence seem to be the clear takeaways here. Increasing the local opportunities for work, collaboration, access and activities can transform the sense of community and shared responsibility for preservation. The unique heritage becomes the people’s ownership, the people’s business, the people’s pride.
在蒂沃利，人與自然景觀之間的聯(lián)系是緊密深刻的，正如遺產(chǎn)建筑和當?shù)匦℃?zhèn)間的關(guān)系般
The bond between man and the landscape inTivoli is profound, as is the relationship between the heritagebuildings and the town itself
